T.N. Madan is a prominent sociologist who studied Indian society and culture.
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According to Madan, Indian religion is characterized by the coexistence of renunciation and non-renunciation values. While renunciation is associated with asceticism and detachment from worldly affairs, non-renunciation values emphasize the active engagement with society and the fulfillment of one’s social and familial responsibilities.
Madan argues that non-renunciation values are often neglected in discussions of Indian religion and society. One example of non-renunciation values can be found in the institution of the joint family, which is still prevalent in many parts of India. In joint families, multiple generations of a family live together and share resources, with each member having clearly defined roles and responsibilities. This institution embodies the values of duty, obligation, and social harmony, which are central to non-renunciation values.
Madan also argues that non-renunciation values can be seen in the way Indians balance their religious and secular lives. Many Indians regularly participate in religious rituals and festivals while also engaging in worldly pursuits such as work and education. This balance between the spiritual and the material is another expression of non-renunciation values.
In contrast to the emphasis on renunciation in Indian religious traditions, Madan’s view of non-renunciation highlights the importance of active engagement with society and the fulfillment of social responsibilities.