Neo-Marxist perspectives on the state in developing countries emphasize the role of the state as an instrument of class domination and perpetuator of capitalist relations.
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Drawing on Marxist theory, Neo-Marxists argue that the state in developing countries is inherently tied to the interests of the ruling class, both domestic capitalists and foreign actors, and functions to maintain the existing economic and social order. Here are some key features of the Neo-Marxist understanding of the state in developing countries:
- Dependency Theory: Neo-Marxists, particularly influenced by dependency theory, argue that developing countries are locked into dependent relationships with more advanced capitalist nations. They contend that the state in these countries acts as a facilitator and mediator of dependency, implementing policies that perpetuate economic and political subordination to more powerful states and transnational corporations.
- Instrument of Capitalist Class: According to Neo-Marxist analysis, the state in developing countries is controlled by and serves the interests of the capitalist class. It enforces property rights, safeguards the accumulation of capital, and creates favorable conditions for both domestic and foreign capital. State policies, such as privatization, deregulation, and export-oriented industrialization, are seen as reflecting the interests of the capitalist class rather than the broader population.
- Repressive Apparatus: Neo-Marxists argue that the state in developing countries often employs repressive apparatus, such as the military, police, and intelligence agencies, to maintain social control and suppress dissent. These repressive measures are seen as protecting the interests of the ruling class, ensuring political stability, and suppressing potential challenges to the capitalist system.
- Elite Capture and Corruption: Neo-Marxists highlight the phenomenon of elite capture and corruption within the state apparatus in developing countries. They argue that the ruling elites, including politicians, bureaucrats, and business interests, exploit their positions for personal gain, diverting resources and wealth away from the public and perpetuating social inequalities.
- Limited Autonomy: Neo-Marxists view the state in developing countries as having limited autonomy from the dominant capitalist forces. They argue that external forces, such as multinational corporations, international financial institutions, and geopolitical interests, exert significant influence on state policies and decisions. This limited autonomy restricts the state’s ability to implement policies that challenge the underlying capitalist system or promote genuine development.
Neo-Marxist perspectives on the state in developing countries provide a critical lens to understand the power dynamics and class-based interests that shape state actions. They highlight the role of the state in perpetuating inequalities and maintaining the dominance of capitalism. However, it is important to note that this perspective does not necessarily capture the full complexity of state-society relations in developing countries, and alternative interpretations and theories exist within the realm of political and development studies.