During the pre-independence period, the field of extension was largely dominated by individual and community initiatives.
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There were several individuals and organizations that took up the cause of rural development and worked towards improving the socio-economic conditions of the rural population. Some of the important aspects of individual and community initiatives taken up in the field of extension during the pre-independence period are:
- Social Reform Movements: The social reform movements led by individuals such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule, and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played an important role in spreading education and promoting social reforms in rural areas. They worked towards eradicating social evils such as caste discrimination, child marriage, and untouchability.
- Cooperative Movement: The cooperative movement led by individuals such as Lala Lajpat Rai and Vithalbhai Patel played an important role in promoting the formation of cooperatives in rural areas. They worked towards empowering farmers and promoting self-help and mutual cooperation among them.
- Mahatma Gandhi’s Swaraj Movement: Mahatma Gandhi’s Swaraj movement emphasized the need for self-reliance and self-sufficiency in rural areas. He promoted the use of indigenous technology and encouraged the development of cottage industries in rural areas.
- Village Reconstruction Movement: The village reconstruction movement led by individuals such as Rabindranath Tagore, Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, and C.F. Andrews aimed at promoting rural development through education and social reforms. They emphasized the need for promoting local self-governance and community participation in rural development.
- Extension Work by Christian Missionaries: Christian missionaries such as William Carey and Alexander Duff played an important role in promoting education and healthcare in rural areas. They established schools, hospitals, and dispensaries in rural areas and worked towards improving the socio-economic conditions of the rural population.
In conclusion, individual and community initiatives played an important role in promoting rural development during the pre-independence period. The initiatives taken up by individuals and organizations such as social reformers, cooperative movement, Mahatma Gandhi’s Swaraj movement, village reconstruction movement, and Christian missionaries laid the foundation for the development of extension services in India. These initiatives emphasized the need for community participation and promoted the use of indigenous technology and resources for rural development.